Interní Med. 2003; 5(8): 5-12

Diferenciální diagnostika neurodegenerativních chorob doprovázených demencí

prof. MUDr. Petr Kaňovský CSc
Neurologická klinika FN a LF UP Olomouc

Keywords: neurodegenerativní onemocnění, demence, diferenciální diagnóza.

Published: December 31, 2003  Show citation

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Kaňovský P. Diferenciální diagnostika neurodegenerativních chorob doprovázených demencí. Interní Med. 2003;5(8):5-12.

Neurodegenerativní onemocnění, ač mnohdy významně odlišná klinicky, sdílí společný patofyziologický podklad. Příčinou neurodegenerace, tj. zániku neuronů, je apoptóza. Mechanizmus, jakým apoptóza začíná, zatím úplně objasněn není, ale soudí se, že -startovacích momentů- může být více druhů, v závislosti na druhu nozologické jednotky.

Řada neurodegenerativních onemocnění se kromě motorické, senzitivní a vegetativní symptomatologie manifestuje také demencí, a to jak kortikálního, tak i subkortikálního nebo smíšeného typu. Důkladná diferenciální diagnóza nabyla na důležitosti v poslední době, kdy jsou některé demence relativně úspěšně léčitelné za pomoci nových preparátů. Dále je nezbytné odlišit nemoci, které s sebou nesou genetické riziko pro další generace. Je nutno také odlišit nemoci, kde deprese bývá častější než demence a může ji často i napodobovat. Prakticky nejdůležitější je asi diferenciální diagnostika parkinsonských syndromů doprovázených demencí, což je v oblasti neurodegenerace jedna z nejčastějších kombinací, kterou se může manifestovat Parkinsonova nemoc, tzv. parkinson-plus syndromy, ale i demence s Lewyho tělísky, Alzheimerova nemoc a dokonce i nemoc Huntingtonova.

Differential diagnostics of neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by dementia

Neurodegenerative diseases share common pathophysiological ground, although being frequently markedly different. The cause of neurodegeneration, i. e. death of neurons, is an apoptosis. Mechanism, which starts apoptosis, is still not fully discovered, but it is assumed there are more -starting moments- possible according to a type of disease. Besides motoric, sensitive and vegetative symptoms many neurodegenerative diseases present by dementia too, either cortical or subcortical origin or both. Thorough differential diagnostics obtained more importance recently, since some kinds of dementia can be treated successfully with now drugs. Disease with genetic risks for future generations must also be distinguished. Disease with depression found more often than dementia should be differentiated, since depression can simulate it. Practically, a differential diagnostics of parkinsonic syndromes with dementia is the most important, because it is one of the most common combinations in presentation of Parkinson-s disease, so called parkinson-plus syndromes, dementia with Lewy-s corpuscles, Alzheimer disease or even Huntington disease.

Key word: neurodegenerative disease, dementia, differential diagnostics.

1. neurologická klinika Lékařské fakulty Masarykovy Univerzity,

Fakultní nemocnice u sv. Anny Brno

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